3D打印機硬件：

在“totally open, full control given to the user, strong experience needed”和“totally closed, minmum control left to ther user, newbies are welcome”是有個折中中。

一些學習的例子：

（1）Hacker-style 3D printer：自制的，開源的，完全可定制的。

• RepRap：一個大的家庭，基本是一棵3D打印機發展的樹！許多供應商用不同的名字和分支對其進行了商業化，但是大部分都是RepRap設計的變體，它們包括：

1. Darwin:原始的模型，現在已經被其他設計取代
2. Mendel/Prusa Mendel/MendelMax : 有triangular frame的特點
3. Wallace and Huxley : 打印尺寸比較小也比較簡單的模型
4. Rostock : 非笛卡爾設計的delta-printer（支持打印頭，并且用三個臂控制，bed是固定的），這是一個有趣和獨特的模型。

• Ultimaker （一個非常精確的打印機，來自荷蘭）
• Printrbot （一組低廉的打印機，包括一些可以攜帶的模型，來自US）

3d打印的特點是什么、（2）Hassle-free 3D printer：具有很好的折中，完全預裝，但是仍然可以部分定制；開放性變小，但是客戶體驗上升。

• Makerbot 是個在世界出名的公司，主要是低廉的3D打印機。下面兩種現在可用的模型是之前第一個市場化模型的改進：

1. Replicator 2 （一種堅固分金屬frame的新一代，開放性比較小。軟件升級后，不再開源。）這也是一個2X系列，有雙吃噴頭和加熱床。
2. Replicator （有雙頭的選項，可以打印兩種顏色或使用兩種材料），使用膠合板frame，軟件開源

• Solidoodle 有三代產品，可以提供不同的打印尺寸可感興趣的選擇，像堅固的鋁合金外殼和加熱床。
• Afinia Up 它有Plus和Mini兩個款多功能打印機，使用仍需要一些經驗。

（3）Plug‘n'play 3D printer: 完全封閉的黑盒子，使用非常簡單，設置項非常少，很類似現在的激光和噴墨打印機

• Cube 第一個出名的Plug'n'play 低廉3D打印機，在控制上和功能上進行了折中，使用非常簡單，有自己的軟件（只針對Windows）,具有專用的墨盒及wifi連接和直接從USB設備中打印

Repairing ther mesh()

The watertightness of the object’s body is the only situation that allows our slicing software (we will discuss its functioning in the following pages) to properly identify the inside and the outside of the object, in order to decide where and when to extrude plastic.

為了在slicing前進行檢測，我們可以使用免費的軟件netfabb Studio Basic（Windows，Mac，Linux）。發現問題后，它可以返回到建模軟件中修改或使用netfabb自身進行修改，既可以自動修改也可以手動修改。還可以使用軟件MeshLab，是開源的，（Windows，Mac，Linux）。

3D打印軟件？?

Slicing software

為了打印，我們要把我們的模型轉換為一組打印機的指令（一般是g-code格式）,這個任務稱為slicing，執行這個程序稱為slicers。從計算上講，slicing計算量很大，不可能在打印機自身的CPU上進行實時處理，所以需要在外部的計算機上提前進行處理，另一個要在外部計算機上進行處理的原因是，這個過程需要很多的參數由用戶提供，而計算機的圖形接口可以使這個任務變得簡單相對于只有幾個按鈕的打印機。

slicing的標準步驟如下：

（1）在host computer上啟動slicer程序

3d打印機都能打印什么？（2）裝載STL模型文件

（3）平移、縮放、旋轉模型直到相對打印平臺合適的位置

（4）為了正確的打印輸入需要的所有的參數。

（5）開始slicing的過程，直到所有的g-code生成

搜索 3d福彩第二版、（6）通過USB連接把g-code發送給打印機，或把它存入一個內存卡中載入打印機

有5個最常使用的slicing軟件：Skeinforge,Slic3r,KISSLicer,Cura,MakerWare（所有都可運行在Windows，Mac和Linux上）。

其中的參數是和打印機模型相關的，以Slic3r為例：

（1）Printer settings：

• 打印機類型
• 打印平臺的尺寸和偏移量，最大的Z高度：一般的打印機的值是20x20x20cm
• 打印噴頭的個數和噴口直徑及其他的extrusion的參數

3d打印機入門。（2）Filament settings:

• filament的直徑：它應該是一個真實測量的真實值，而不是名義的值
• 擴張因子：用于補償塑料融化時的膨脹，對于PLA是1，ABS是0.9
• extruder和bed的溫度的值（可能以第一層是一個不同的值）
• 冷卻風扇

（3）Print settings:

• layer height（對于第一層可能是一個不同的值）：一般以0.1mm和nozzle大小的80%之間，0.25mm是一般值
• number of shells/perimeters或thickness of the walls:增加這個值可以使object更robust
• number/thickness of top/bottom layers: same as above
• 填充比例：一般在0%（hollow objects）到50%（solid ），超過50%很少使用，典型值在10-20%
• 填充模式：最常用的是squares（rectilinear）或hexagons
• 打印速度：這個值和nozzle的溫度有、材料、打印質量很大的聯系，一個慢的打印速度可以獲得更高的質量
• skirt brim:the skirt is the extra amount of plastic extruded before the actual printing in order to avoid to start printing with an empty nozzle, the brim is an extra
  thickness of the filament in the first layer, for the object to stick better to the bed;
• raft and support: the raft is another way to improve the adhesion of the object to the bed, by mean of one or two layers of a net of extra plastic filament, while
  the support is a special spongy structure of plastic built from below to support the parts of the object that wouldn’t be printed otherwise, because of overhangs
• 其他高級設置

Skeinforge: 可能是最老的slicer，它是用Python寫的一組腳本，在GPL授權下，是最初Makerbot Replicator默認的slicing引擎，也是MakerWare中的可選擇項。用戶接口并不友好，有些設置讓人困惑。

Slic3r: 一個現代活躍的完全開源slicing 引擎，它被打印機產商廣泛支持，通過記錄一些預設，可以幫用戶解決很多麻煩。

哪里有3d打印。KiSSlicer: 有一個簡單的圖形接口，使用簡單快速，有一個專業版本可以支持多個exturders和多個objects，但要付費

Cura: 由Ultimaker開發，目的是使3D打印簡單和流水線化，它包含所有的東西，從準備3D打印文件到進行打印

MakerWare: 優美和使用簡單，控制Makerbot Replicator和Replicator 2 打印機，它也提供自己的slicing 引擎

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福彩3d第二版怪字圖？?

Plastic filaments

塑料絲現在有兩個標準：1.75mm和3.0mm，3.0mm是老標準。

（1）PLA

The most common plastic filament is made of Polylactic Acid (or Polylactide, abbreviated
with PLA53), a biodegradable and environment-friendly plastic derived from starch. Its
melting temperature is within the range 180–230 °C. It doesn't smell badly when printing
and the fumes aren't dangerous, therefore it doesn't require special safety precautions or
forced ventilation.
It sticks well on the printing bed at room temperature (not requiring the more expensive
heated bed option for the printer), but only if the platform is covered with blue tape (also an
inexpensive product, that should be replaced from time to time –mostly because it gets
sometimes damaged when removing the object from the platform).
Objects printed in PLA are robust but relatively brittle, and cannot be used when
resistance to high temperature is needed (like for some parts of a 3D printer itself).
The PLA filament is rather inexpensive, averaging at 30 $ for 1 kg and it's usually sold in
rolls of 0.5, 1 or 2.3 kilograms (but some manufacturers sell them also by the meter54). It is
available as natural (translucent white) or in many bright colors, solid or half-transparent, and
the printed objects have a beautiful smooth surface.
A special variant of PLA is the soft or flexible PLA, that should be extruded at lower
temperature and very low speed, and can be used to print flexible joints, belts, tires, etc.

3d打印圖片、（2）ABS

The second most common filament is made out of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene –ABS55
in short– a petroleum-based plastic used for many purposes and well known for the LEGO?
bricks. Its fumes are smelling badly and are even considered dangerous for the health, so it is
highly recommended to use forced ventilation with fumes extraction when printing ABS for a
long time. The melting temperature of ABS is 210–260 °C.
ABS filament costs more or less as PLA, and is also a rather common printing material,
despite its more demanding requirements. An ABS object is usually printed on a heated bed
(at around 100 °C) covered with Kapton tape in order to stick well, adding cost and
complexity to the printer itself (for this reason, not all printers come with a heated bed as
default, and some do not even have it as an option). A possible solution is to print ABS over a
cold bed covered with a few layers of glue: cyanoacrylate, hair spray56 or water-based glue
like Vinavil?57 have been proved to work well for this purpose. But the use of a heated bed is
advised also because it helps reduce the warping of large printed objects.
The advantage of ABS over PLA is that the resulting
objects are more robust and less brittle, and can resist at
higher temperatures. ABS filament is commonly available
in many colors, including glitter, glow-in-the-dark, gold
and silver, and even color that changes with the
temperature58 (e.g., blue/green below 30 °C and yellow/
green above, making the objects printed with such
filament sensitive to body temperature).

（3）Nylon

Taulman produces a 618 Nylon? filament that has a few interesting characteristics,
among them pliability, light weight and chemical resistance. It should be extruded at a higher
temperature compared to PLA or even ABS (around 245 °C), but there isn't fumes production
or odors, and it sticks well on blue tape. It is used for printing mechanical parts that need
high resistance to breakage and a very low surface friction, but another very interesting
potential use is for printing customized prosthetics and medical-related parts since nylon is
inert to the body (but not officially FDA approved, at least yet). The cost of nylon filament is
more than double than the cost of PLA or ABS, the only available color is white (natural) and
the only source is Taulman.

（4）PC

Polycarbonate60 (PC), is a very strong and durable plastic material with high optical
clarity and high melting temperature (around 270 to 300 °C). Despite being used in many
industrial productions (for example CD and DVD are made of polycarbonate) the first tests
with low-cost 3D printers started just in 201261 and there are only a few manufacturers of PC
filament yet, selling it quite expensively at around 90 $/kg.

（5）PVA

Polyvinyl Alcohol is a water-soluble plastic polymer that can be used for printing support
structures for PLA and ABS objects that are easily dissolved in warm water, leaving a perfect
surface of the object and simplifying the (usually quite tedious) process of removing the
support. The printing temperature is around 170 °C and should never exceed 200 °C. The
PVA filament is also rather expensive, selling at around 90 $/kg.

（6）HIPS

High-impact Polystyrene62 is a plastic filament soluble in Limonene, sometimes used to
build support structures (specially for ABS) that can be easily removed without mechanical
work. Limonene is a natural solvent extracted from the rind of lemons and other citrus fruits.
Printing HIPS requires a temperature of around 230 °C. The cost of HIPS filament is around
40 $/kg.

（7）其他一些材料

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切片算法

切片處理是將模型分層得到一層層的輪廓線，再以多種方式填充輪廓線，生成加工掃描路徑。目前流行的幾種算法：

（1）直接求交線切片算法

按照正常的思維模式，首先設定目標切片層面的高度Z，計算所有三角形面片的三個頂點與切片面的位置關系。根據位置關系，求出各個三角形與切片面的相交點，再根據交點求出所有交線并將所有交線首尾連接，形成一個閉合的輪廓線，即物體三維模型在當前層面的切片截面輪廓。這種算法容易實現，但是在計算過程中的有頂點都需要進行計算，十分耗時。

（2）基于模型拓撲結構的算法

通過建立合適的數據來重構三維立體模型的拓撲結構，在分層過程中利用面面之間的拓撲結構信息減少求交次數，但是這種算法需要耗費大量的存儲空間來存儲拓撲信息，并且建立拓撲信息的過程也十分耗時。

（3）基于模型連續性的算法

利用三角形面片本身的連續性，與分層面相交的三角形面片集合的連續性以及相鄰分層輪廓 線的連續性，該方法顯著的降低了內存的占用量，加快了拓撲信息提取時間，但是算法實現比較復雜。

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